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<h1>Some Useful Git Aliases</h1>
<p class="posted">15th January 2014</p>
<p>Here are some bash aliases that I use and find helpful for quickly writing Git and Git Flow commands. These should be placed within your <code>~/.bashrc</code> or <code>~/.bash_profile</code> file:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">alias gi="git init"
alias gcl="git clone"
alias gco="git checkout"
alias gs="git status"
alias ga="git add"
alias gaa="git add --all"
alias gc="git commit"
alias gcm="git commit -m"
alias gca="git commit -am"
alias gm="git merge"
alias gr="git rebase"
alias gps="git push"
alias gpl="git pull"
alias gd="git diff"
alias gl="git log"
alias gfi="git flow init"
alias gff="git flow feature"
alias gfr="git flow release"
alias gfh="git flow hotfix"
</code></pre>
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<h1>DrupalCamp London 2014</h1>
<p class="posted">9th February 2014</p>
<p>It's all booked, I'm going to be attending <a href="http://2014.drupalcamplondon.co.uk">DrupalCamp London</a> this year, my first DrupalCamp!</p>
<p>I'm going as a volunteer, so I'm going to be helping with the registrations on the Saturday morning and for another couple hours elsewhere over the weekend. I've also offered to help organise and oversee some code sprints, although I'm definitely wanting to do some sprinting of my own and attend a few sessions.</p>
<p>I'm looking forward to meeting some new people as well as catching up with some people that I met at <a href="http://prague2013.drupal.org">DrupalCon Prague</a>.</p>
<p>If you're also coming, see you there!</p>
<p><strong>Update:</strong> I've just found out that my session, <a href="http://2014.drupalcamplondon.co.uk/drupalcamp-london-2014/session/what-git-flow" title="Information about the session on the DrupalCamp website">What is Git Flow?</a>, has been accepted and will take place on the Sunday morning. It's going to be a busy weekend!</p>
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<h1>DrupalCamp London: What is Git Flow?</h1>
<p class="posted">3rd March 2014</p>
<p>Here are my slides from my "What is Git Flow?" session at <a href="http://2014.drupalcamplondon.co.uk">DrupalCamp London</a>.</p>
<p><script async class="speakerdeck-embed" data-id="201559e0f103013198dd5a5f6f23ab67" data-ratio="1.29456384323641" src="//speakerdeck.com/assets/embed.js"></script>
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<h2 id="take-aways">Take aways</h2>
<p>The main take aways are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Git Flow adds various commands into Git to enhance its native functionality, which creates a branching model to separate your stable production code from your unstable development code.</li>
<li>Never commit directly to the master branch - this is for production code only!</li>
<li>You can commit directly to the develop branch, but this should be done sparingly.</li>
<li>Use feature branches as much as possible - one per feature, user story or bug.</li>
<li>Commit early and often, and push to a remote often to encourage collaboration as well as to provide a backup of your code.</li>
<li>You can use settings within services like GitHub and Bitbucket to only allow certain users to push to the master and develop branches, and restrict other Developers to only commit and push to feature branches. Changes can then be committed and pushed, then reviewed as part of a peer code review, and merged back into the develop branch.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="feedback">Feedback</h2>
<p>If you've got any questions, please feel free to <a href="http://twitter.com/opdavies" title="My Twitter account">tweet at me</a> or fill in the <a href="http://2014.drupalcamplondon.co.uk/node/add/session-evaluation?nid=86&destination=node/86" title="The session evaluation form to submit feedback">session evaluation form</a> that you can complete on the DrupalCamp London website.</p>
<p>I've had some great feedback via Twitter:</p>
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<p><a href="https://twitter.com/opdavies">@opdavies</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/DrupalCampLDN">@DrupalCampLDN</a> always had trouble with git. Your talk + Git flow has made it all very easy.</p>
<p>&mdash; James Tombs (@jtombs) <a href="https://twitter.com/jtombs/statuses/440108072078696449">March 2, 2014</a>
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<p>Great presentation by <a href="https://twitter.com/opdavies">@opdavies</a> on git flow at <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23dclondon&amp;src=hash">#dclondon</a> very well prepared and presented. <a href="http://t.co/tDINp2Nsbn">pic.twitter.com/tDINp2Nsbn</a></p>
<p>&mdash; Greg Franklin (@gfranklin) <a href="https://twitter.com/gfranklin/statuses/440104311276969984">March 2, 2014</a>
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<p>Great talk on git flow <a href="https://twitter.com/opdavies">@opdavies</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23dclondon&amp;src=hash">#dclondon</a></p>
<p>&mdash; Curve Agency (@CurveAgency) <a href="https://twitter.com/CurveAgency/statuses/440095250775035904">March 2, 2014</a>
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<h1>Drupal Association</h1>
<p class="posted">3rd May 2014</p>
<p>Today was my last day working at <a href="http://www.precedent.com">Precedent</a>. Next week, I'll be starting my <a href="https://assoc.drupal.org/node/18923" title="Drupal.org Developer">new job</a> at the <a href="http://assoc.drupal.org">Drupal Association</a> working on Drupal's home - <a href="http://www.drupal.org">Drupal.org</a>.</p>
<p>I was at Precedent for just over a year and had the opportunity to work on several Drupal projects from project leading to ad-hoc module and theme development, including my largest Drupal build to date.</p>
<p>I was also lucky enough to go to <a href="http://prague2013.drupal.org">DrupalCon Prague</a> as well as <a href="http://2014.drupalcamplondon.co.uk">DrupalCamp London</a>.</p>
<p>I was able to <a href="https://drupal.org/project/eventsforce">contribute some code</a> back into the community and encourage other team members to do the same.</p>
<p>It was good to be able to introduce some new tools like <a href="http://www.vagrantup.com">Vagrant</a>, <a href="http://www.puppetlabs.com">Puppet</a>, <a href="http://www.sass-lang.com">SASS</a> and <a href="http://www.compass-style.org">Compass</a> into the team. I was pleased to introduce and champion the <a href="http://danielkummer.github.io/git-flow-cheatsheet" title="Git Flow Cheat Sheet">Git Flow</a> branching model, which them became the standard approach for all Drupal projects, and hopefully soon all development projects.</p>
<p>Working for the Drupal Association and on Drupal.org was an opportunity that I couldn't refuse, and is certainly going to be a fun and interesting challenge. I can't wait to get started!</p>
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Thanks &raquo;
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<img src="//images.oliverdavies.uk/assets/images/me-precedent.jpg" alt="Picture of Oliver" class="img-circle">
<p>Oliver Davies is a Web Developer, System Administrator and Drupal specialist based in the UK. He is a Senior Developer at <a href="https://microserve.io">Microserve</a> and also provides freelance consultancy services for Drupal websites, PHP applications and Linux servers.</p>
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<h1>Thanks</h1>
<p class="posted">6th May 2014</p>
<p>This is just a quick post to thank everyone for their comments and congratulations after my previous post about <a href="/blog/drupal-association/">joining the Drupal Association</a>. Im looking forward to my first day in the job tomorrow.</p>
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<h1>git format-patch is your Friend</h1>
<p class="posted">21st May 2014</p>
<h2 id="the-problem">The Problem</h2>
<p>As an active contributor to the <a href="http://drupal.org">Drupal</a> project, I spend a lot of time working with other peoples modules and themes, and occassionally have to fix a bug or add some new functionality.</p>
<p>In the Drupal community, we use a patch based workflow where any changes that I make get exported to a file detailing the differences. The patch file (*.patch) is attached to an item in an issue queue on Drupal.org, applied by the maintainer to their local copy of the code and reviewed, and hopefully committed.</p>
<p>There is an option that the maintainer can add to the end of their commit message.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">--author="opdavies &lt;opdavies@381388.no-reply.drupal.org&gt;"
</code></pre>
<p>This differs slightly different for each Drupal user, and the code can be found on their Drupal.org profile page.</p>
<p>If this is added to the end of the commit message, the resulting commit will show that it was committed by the maintainer but authored by a different user. This will then display on Drupal.org that youve made a commit to that project.</p>
<p><img src="/assets/images/blog/git-format-patch.png" alt="A screenshot of a commit that was authored by rli but committed by opdavies" /></p>
<p>The problem is that some project maintainers either dont know about this option or occasionally forget to add it. <a href="http://dreditor.org">Dreditor</a> can suggest a commit message and assign an author, but it is optional and, of course, not all maintainers use Dreditor (although they probably should).</p>
<p>The <code>git format-patch</code> command seems to be the answer, and will be my preferred method for generating patch files in the future rather than <code>git diff</code>.</p>
<h2 id="what-does-it-do-differently%3F">What does it do Differently?</h2>
<p>From the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-format-patch">manual page</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Prepare each commit with its patch in one file per commit, formatted to resemble UNIX mailbox format. The output of this command is convenient for e-mail submission or for use with git am.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Here is a section of a patch that I created for the <a href="http://drupal.org/project/metatag">Metatag module</a> using <code>git format-patch</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">From 80c8fa14de7f4a83c2e70367aab0aedcadf4f3b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Oliver Davies &amp;lt;oliver@oliverdavies.co.uk&amp;gt;
Date: Mon, 12 May 2014 14:53:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] Exclude comment entities when checking if this is the page,
otherwise comment_fragment.module will break metatag
---
</code></pre>
<p>As mentioned above, the patch is structured in an email format. The commit message is used as the subject line, and the date that the commit was made locally is used for the date. What were interested in is the “From” value. This contains your name and email address from your <code>~/.gitconfig</code> file and is used to author the patch automatically.</p>
<p>Everything below this is the same as a standard patch file, the same as if was generated with <code>git diff</code>.</p>
<p>The full patch file can be found at <a href="https://drupal.org/files/issues/metatag-comment-fragment-conflict-2265447-4.patch">https://drupal.org/files/issues/metatag-comment-fragment-conflict-2265447-4.patch</a>.</p>
<h2 id="the-process">The Process</h2>
<p>How did I create this patch? Here are the steps that I took:</p>
<ol>
<li>Clone the source repository using <code>$ git clone --branch 7.x-1.x http://git.drupal.org/project/metatag.git</code> and move into that directory.</li>
<li>Create a branch for this patch using <code>$ git checkout -b 2265447-comment-fragment-conflict</code>.</li>
<li>Add and commit any changes as normal.</li>
<li>Generate the patch file using <code>$ git format-patch 7.x-1.x --stdout &gt; metatag-comment-fragment-conflict-2265447-4.patch</code>.</li>
</ol>
<p><em>Note:</em> I am defining 7.x-1.x in the last step as the original branch to compare (i.e. the original branch that we forked to make our issue branch). This will change depending on the project that you are patching, and its version number. Also, commits should always be made against the development branch and not the stable release.</p>
<p>By default, a separate patch file will be created for each commit that weve made. This is overridden by the <code>--stdout</code> option which combines all of the patches into a single file. This is the recommended approach when uploading to Drupal.org.</p>
<p>The resulting patch file can be uploaded onto a Drupal.org issue queue, reviewed by the Testbot and applied by a module maintainer, and you automatically get the commit attributed. Problem solved.</p>
<h2 id="committing-the-patch">Committing the Patch</h2>
<p>If you need to commit a patch that was created using <code>git format-patch</code>, the best command to do this with is the <code>git am</code> command.</p>
<p>For example, within your repository, run:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">$ git am /path/to/file
$ git am ~/Code/metatag-comment-fragment-conflict-2265447-4.patch
</code></pre>
<p>You should end up with some output similar to the following:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">Applying: #2272799 Added supporters section
Applying: #2272799 Added navigation tabs
Applying: #2272799 Fixed indentation
Applying: #2272799 Replaced URL
</code></pre>
<p>Each line is the commit message associated with that patch.</p>
<p>Assuming that there are no errors, you can go ahead and push your updated code into your remote repository.</p>
<p class="tags">
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<h1>How to fix Vagrant Loading the Wrong Virtual Machine</h1>
<p class="posted">6th October 2014</p>
<p>A few times recently, I've had instances where <a href="https://www.vagrantup.com">Vagrant</a> seems to have forgotten which virtual machine it's supposed to load, probably due to renaming a project directory or the .vagrant directory being moved accidentally.</p>
<p>Here are the steps that I took to fix this and point Vagrant back at the correct VM.</p>
<ol>
<li>Stop the machine from running using the <code>$ vagrant halt</code> command.</li>
<li>Use the <code>$ VBoxManage list vms</code> command to view a list of the virtual machines on your system. Note the ID of the correct VM that should be loading. For example, <code>"foo_default_1405481857614_74478" {e492bfc3-cac2-4cde-a396-e81e37e421e2}</code>. The number within the curly brackets is the ID of the virtual machine.</li>
<li>Within the .vagrant directory in your project (it is hidden by default), update the ID within the machines/default/virtualbox/id file.</li>
<li>Start the new VM with <code>$ vagrant up</code>.</li>
</ol>
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<h1>Updating Features and Adding Components Using Drush</h1>
<p class="posted">21st October 2014</p>
<p>If you use the <a href="http://drupal.org/project/features">Features module</a> to manage your Drupal configuration, it can be time consuming to update features through the UI, especially if you are working on a remote server and need to keep downloading and uploading files.</p>
<p>If you re-create a feature through the UI, you'll be prompted to download a new archive of the feature in its entirety onto your local computer. You could either commit this into a local repository and then pull it remotely, or use a tool such as SCP to upload the archive onto the server and commit it from there. You can simplify this process by using <a href="http://drush.org">Drush</a>.</p>
<h2 id="finding-components">Finding Components</h2>
<p>To search for a component, use the <code>drush features-components</code> command. This will display a list of all components on the site. As we're only interested in components that haven't been exported yet, add the <code>--not-exported</code> option to filter the results.</p>
<p>To filter further, you can also use the <code>grep</code> command to filter the results. For example, <code>drush features-components --not-exported field_base | grep foo</code>, would only return non-exported field bases containing the word "foo".</p>
<p>The result is a source and a component, separated by a colon. For example, <code>field_base:field_foo</code>.</p>
<h2 id="exporting-the-feature">Exporting the Feature</h2>
<p>Once you have a list of the components that you need to add, you can export the feature. This is done using the <code>drush features-export</code> command, along with the feature name and the component names.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">$ drush features-export -y myfeature field_base:field_foo field_instance:user-field_foo
</code></pre>
<p>In this example, the base for field_boo and it's instance on the user object is being added to the "myfeature" feature.</p>
<p>If you are updating an existing feature, you'll get a message informing you that the module already exists and asking if you want to continue. This is fine, and is automatically accepted by including <code>-y</code> within the command. If a feature with the specified name doesn't exist, it will be created.</p>
<p>If you're creating a new feature, you can define where the feature will be created using the <code>--destination</code> option.</p>
<p>Once complete, you will see a confirmation message.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Created module: my feature in sites/default/modules/custom/features/myfeature</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="the-result">The Result</h2>
<p>Once finished, the feature is updated in it's original location, so there's no download of the feature and then needing to re-upload it. You can add and commit your changes into Git or continue with your standard workflow straight away.</p>
<h2 id="useful-links">Useful Links</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.drupal.org/project/features">The Features project page on Drupal.org</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.drushcommands.com/drush-6x/features/features-components">The "drush features-components" command</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.drushcommands.com/drush-6x/features/features-export">The "drush features-export" command</a></li>
</ul>
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<h1>Include CSS Fonts by Using a SASS each Loop</h1>
<p class="posted">18th November 2014</p>
<p>Using a file structure similar to this, organise your font files into directories, using the the font name for both the directory name and for the file names.</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">.
├── FuturaBold
│ ├── FuturaBold.eot
│ ├── FuturaBold.svg
│ ├── FuturaBold.ttf
│ └── FuturaBold.woff
├── FuturaBoldItalic
│ ├── FuturaBoldItalic.eot
│ ├── FuturaBoldItalic.svg
│ ├── FuturaBoldItalic.ttf
│ └── FuturaBoldItalic.woff
├── FuturaBook
│ ├── FuturaBook.eot
│ ├── FuturaBook.svg
│ ├── FuturaBook.ttf
│ └── FuturaBook.woff
├── FuturaItalic
│ ├── FuturaItalic.eot
│ ├── FuturaItalic.svg
│ ├── FuturaItalic.ttf
│ └── FuturaItalic.woff
</code></pre>
<p>Within your SASS file, start an <code>@each</code> loop, listing the names of the fonts. In the same way as PHP's <code>foreach</code> loop, each font name will get looped through using the <code>$family</code> variable and then compiled into CSS.</p>
<pre><code class="language-scss">@each $family in FuturaBook, FuturaBold, FuturaBoldItalic, FuturaItalic {
@font-face {
font-family: #{$family};
src: url('../fonts/#{$family}/#{$family}.eot');
src: url('../fonts/#{$family}/#{$family}.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'),
url('../fonts/#{$family}/#{$family}.woff') format('woff'),
url('../fonts/#{$family}/#{$family}.ttf') format('truetype'),
url('../fonts/#{$family}/#{$family}.svg##{$family}') format('svg');
font-weight: normal;
font-style: normal;
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>When the CSS has been compiled, you can then use in your CSS in the standard way.</p>
<pre><code class="language-scss">font-family: "FuturaBook";
</code></pre>
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<h2>About the Author</h2>
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<p>Oliver Davies is a Web Developer, System Administrator and Drupal specialist based in the UK. He is a Senior Developer at <a href="https://microserve.io">Microserve</a> and also provides freelance consultancy services for Drupal websites, PHP applications and Linux servers.</p>
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<h1>Using Remote Files when Developing Locally with Stage File Proxy Module</h1>
<p class="posted">20th November 2014</p>
<p>Download the <a href="https://www.drupal.org/project/stage_file_proxy">Stage File Proxy</a> module from Drupal.org and enable it on your site.</p>
<p>As this module is only going to be needed on pre-production sites, it would be better to configure this within your settings.php or settings.local.php file. We do this using the <code>$conf</code> array which removes the need to configure the module through the UI and store the values in the database.</p>
<pre><code class="language-php">// File proxy to the live site.
$conf['stage_file_proxy_origin'] = 'http://www.example.com';
// Don't copy the files, just link to them.
$conf['stage_file_proxy_hotlink'] = TRUE;
// Image style images are the wrong size otherwise.
$conf['stage_file_proxy_use_imagecache_root'] = FALSE;
</code></pre>
<p>If the origin site is not publicly accessible yet, maybe it's a pre-live or staging site, and protected with a basic access authentication, you can include the username and password within the origin URL.</p>
<pre><code class="language-php">$conf['stage_file_proxy_origin'] = 'http://user:password@prelive.example.com';
</code></pre>
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Tags:
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<img src="//images.oliverdavies.uk/assets/images/me-precedent.jpg" alt="Picture of Oliver" class="img-circle">
<p>Oliver Davies is a Web Developer, System Administrator and Drupal specialist based in the UK. He is a Senior Developer at <a href="https://microserve.io">Microserve</a> and also provides freelance consultancy services for Drupal websites, PHP applications and Linux servers.</p>
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<h1>Include environment-specific settings files on Pantheon</h1>
<p class="posted">27th November 2014</p>
<p>I was recently doing some work on a site hosted on <a href="http://getpantheon.com">Pantheon</a> and came across an issue, for which part of the suggested fix was to ensure that the <code>$base_url</code> variable was explicitly defined within settings.php (this is also best practice on all Drupal sites).</p>
<p>The way that was recommended was by using a <code>switch()</code> function based on Pantheon's environment variable. For example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-php">switch ($_SERVER['PANTHEON_ENVIRONMENT']) {
case 'dev':
// Development environment.
$base_url = 'dev-my-site.gotpantheon.com';
break;
case 'test':
// Testing environment.
$base_url = 'test-my-site.gotpantheon.com';
break;
case 'live':
// Production environment.
$base_url = 'live-my-site.gotpantheon.com';
break;
}
</code></pre>
<p>Whilst this works, it doesn't conform to the DRY (don't repeat yourself) principle and means that you also might get a rather long and complicated settings file, especially when you start using multiple switches and checking for the value of the environment multiple times.</p>
<p>My alternative solution to this is to include an environment-specific settings file.</p>
<p>To do this, add the following code to the bottom of settings.php:</p>
<pre><code class="language-php">if (isset($_SERVER['PANTHEON_ENVIRONMENT'])) {
if ($_SERVER['PANTHEON_ENVIRONMENT'] != 'live') {
// You can still add things here, for example to apply to all sites apart
// from production. Mail reroutes, caching settings etc.
}
// Include an environment-specific settings file, for example
// settings.dev.php, if one exists.
$environment_settings = __DIR__ . '/settings.' . $_SERVER['PANTHEON_ENVIRONMENT'] . '.php';
if (file_exists($environment_settings)) {
include $environment_settings;
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>This means that rather than having one long file, each environment has it's own dedicated settings file that contains it's own additional configuration. This is much easier to read and make changes to, and also means that less code is loaded and parsed by PHP. Settings that apply to all environments are still added to settings.php.</p>
<p>Below this, I also include a <a href="/blog/include-local-drupal-settings-file-environment-configuration-and-overrides/">similar piece of code</a> to include a settings.local.php file. The settings.php file then gets committed into the <a href="http://git-scm.com">Git</a> repository.</p>
<p>Within the sites/default directory, I also include an example file (example.settings.env.php) for reference. This is duplicated, renamed and populated accordingly.</p>
<pre><code class="language-php">&lt;?php
/**
* This is a specific settings file, just for the x environment. Any settings
* defined here will be included after those in settings.php.
*
* If you have also added a settings.local.php file, that will override any
* settings stored here.
*
* No database credentials should be stored in this file as these are included
* automatically by Pantheon.
*/
$base_url = '';
</code></pre>
<p>The environment specific files are also committed into Git and pushed to Pantheon, and are then included automatically on each environment.</p>
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<h1>Include a Local Drupal Settings file for Environment Configuration and Overrides</h1>
<p class="posted">20th December 2014</p>
<p>At the bottom of settings.php, add the following code:</p>
<pre><code class="language-php">$local_settings = __DIR__ . '/settings.local.php';
if (file_exists($local_settings)) {
include $local_settings;
}
</code></pre>
<p>This allows for you to create a new file called settings.local.php within a sites/* directory (the same place as settings.php), and this will be included as an extension of settings.php. You can see the same technique being used within Drupal 8's <a href="http://cgit.drupalcode.org/drupal/tree/sites/default/default.settings.php#n621">default.settings.php</a> file.</p>
<p>Environment specific settings like <code>$databases</code> and <code>$base_url</code> can be placed within the local settings file. Other settings like <code>$conf['locale_custom_strings_en']</code> (string overrides) and <code>$conf['allow_authorize_operations']</code> that would apply to all environments can still be placed in settings.php.</p>
<p>settings.php though is ignored by default by Git by a .gitignore file, so it won't show up as a file available to be committed. There are two ways to fix this. The first is to use the <code>--force</code> option when adding the file which overrides the ignore file:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">git add --force sites/default/settings.php
</code></pre>
<p>The other option is to update the .gitignore file itself so that settings.php is no longer ignored. An updated .gitignore file could look like:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Ignore configuration files that may contain sensitive information.
sites/*/settings.local*.php
# Ignore paths that contain user-generated content.
sites/*/files
sites/*/private
</code></pre>
<p>This will allow for settings.php to be added to Git and committed, but not settings.local.php.</p>
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